The association between dioxins/dioxin-like compounds exposure and impaired reproductive function had been strengthened by both epidemiological evidence and experimental studies. Therefore, nonoccupational exposure to DDT, as assessed by plasma p,p′-DDE concentrations, is associated with poorer semen parameters in men, indicating adverse effects on testicular function and/or the regulation of reproductive hormones.ĭioxins had been shown to exhibit antiestrogenic activity. Insufficient sperm chromatin condensation was observed in 46.6% of participants and the most severe category of incomplete DNA condensation was also positively correlated with p,p′-DDE concentration. DDT exposure was estimated by the level of p,p′-dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene in blood plasma, the major metabolite of DDT. Crude regression analysis showed that several sperm motion parameters, including the percentage of motile sperm and sperm with morphological tail defects, decreased and increased respectively with higher plasma p,p′-DDE concentration. Its metabolites (p,p′-DDT, and p,p′-DDE) have estrogenic effects in males by blocking the androgen receptors. Due to its potential harm to not only the reproductive ability but also the functions of other organs, BPA was banned from being used in baby care in many countries.Īs an effective pesticide, DDT was widely used in agriculture and forestry. It was reported that BPA could have greater impact on the development of human fetal testis. Even a very low dose of BPA can make the animals develop precocious puberty, low sperm count, prostatic hyperplasia, and so on. Acting as an endocrine and metabolic disruptor, BPA can mimic the effect of endogenic estrogen. It was also one of the important causes of occupational infertility. This widespread chemical can do great harm to male fertility, having the potential of causing cryptorchidism, hypospadias, low sperm counts, or even testicular cancer. BPA is ubiquitous, from mineral water bottles, medical devices to food packaging, and has its shadow. Since the 1960s, it has been used in the manufacturing of plastic bottles, suction cup, inner coating of food and beverage cans, and so on. īPA is used in industries to synthesize polycarbonate and epoxy resins. The first estrogenic and antiandrogenic endocrine disruptors that were reported to have transgenerational effects of spermatogenic failure were methoxychlor and vinclozolin. Bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dioxin, and some pesticides are the representatives of EDCs. EDCs are estrogen-like and antiandrogenic chemicals in the environment. They mimic and inhibit the action of natural endogenous hormones or alter the normal regulatory function of the endocrine system and have potential hazardous effects on male reproductive axis causing infertility. These natural hormones are responsible for self-balance, reproduction, development and behavior of natural hormone synthesis, secretion, and transport. Mass industrial production and widespread use of EDCs have resulted in worldwide contamination.ĮDCs are exogenous agents with the ability to mimic endogenous hormones, interfering with their biosynthesis, metabolism, and normal functions. People’s exposure to chemicals is thought to be extensive, especially to EDCs, which supposed to alter the male reproductive tract. These chemicals could interact with the endocrine system. The focus of male infertility is that our environment is contaminated by natural and synthetic chemicals.
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